Let’s learn how to say WHERE in Japanese and how to use it with a verb in your question. “Where?” in Japanese is どこ DOKO, so to simply ask where is it? you can just add ですか desu ka after DOKO.
For example, to ask “Where is the restroom?” we phrase it “As for the restroom, where is it?” in Japanese and go like this.
トイレはどこですか。
Toire wa doko desu ka?
However, if you want to ask “Where do you usually buy your lunch?” things are not going to be that simple because you will have a verb (“buy”) in your question. This lesson explains what particle you need to add to DOKO depending on the verb you have in the question.
どこで (Doko DE) or どこに (Doko NI)
What is crucial here is the particle. To ask Where will you? Where do you? or Where did you? you need to figure out what Particle you need to mark どこDoko.
Mainly, the Particle you will need is either one of these: で DE or に NI.
The difference between the two is this. When you are asking どこで Doko DE, you are asking “where at?” On the other hand, when you are asking どこに Doko NI, you are asking “where to?”
You need to figure out if you want to ask “where at” or “where to” depending on the verb you have in the question. Let me explain with some examples.
Case 1: “Where did you buy lunch?”
During the lunchtime at work, your co-worker is eating his lunch at his desk. It looks really good. You are curious to find out where he got his lunch and ask “Where did you buy (your) lunch?”
In this case, the verb you have in the question is “buy.” Are we asking Where at? OR Where to?
We are asking Where at, right? So, in this sentence, we need to mark the question word どこ Doko with the Particle で DE and say どこで Doko DE.
After that, you can say lunch in Japanese, which is ひるごはん Hirugohan or ランチ Ranchi with the Direct Object Marker を O.
Lastly, the verb “bought” which is かいました Kaimashita with the Question Particle か KA. Here we have to use the verb in the past tense because the question is in the past tense asking “Did you?”
Where did you buy lunch?
どこで ひるごはんを（or ランチを）かいましたか。
Doko DE Hirugohan O Kaimashita KA?
On a side note, you can switch the locations of どこで Doko DE and ひるごはんを Hirugohan if you want.
ひるごはんを（or ランチを）どこで かいましたか。
Hirugohan O Doko DE Kaimashita KA?
As long as each unit is set up correctly with the right word and right particle, the word order doesn’t matter much in Japanese. It is a matter of personal preference and doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence whatsoever.
Case 2: “Where did you go yesterday?”
Let’s take a look at another example. On Monday at work, you are chatting with a co-worker who says he went out yesterday and had a great time. So, you ask “Oh, where did you go yesterday?”
Now, the verb you have in the question is “go.” Are we asking Where at? OR Where to?
This time, we are asking Where to, right? So, we need to mark the question word どこ Doko with the Particle に NI and say どこに Doko NI.
The most crucial part is done. Now we simply need to add the Time Expression “yesterday” to the sentence, which is きのう Kinoo. This particular time expression is a Relative Time Expression, so we don’t need to mark it with the Time Marker に NI.
At the end of the sentence, we place the verb “went” which is いきました Ikimashita with the Question Particle か KA. That’s it. Now the question is complete.
Where did you go yesterday?
きのう どこに いきましたか。
Kinoo Doko NI Ikimashita KA?
Of course, if you wish, you can switch the locations of きのう Kinoo and どこに Doko NI, and the question still means the same.
How to Use Where in Japanese
The video below is a lesson about どこで Doko DE and どこに Doko NI. I explain things more in detail in the lesson video so it should help you deepen your understanding of how to use the question word Where in Japanese.
I hope this post helped you understand how to say where in Japanese by using the particles で (de) and に (ni). Happy learning!
裕子先生（ゆうこせんせい）Yuko-sensei
Hi Yuko-先生! I stumbled across your website and thought maybe you can help clarify something.
I’ve been trying Pimsluer and the conversations they are teaching go something like:
Where at (どこで？)
At a hotel restaurant (ホテルのレストランで)
At what time (なんじに？)
At one o’clock (いちじに)
My brain understands verb+ますか is how to form polite questions. But since there are no verbs in questions like どこで？、だれと？、or ここで？ are they still considered polite?
My old Japanese textbook also has おなまえは？ in a practice dialogue but then goes on to say it’s a shorthand, casual way of saying おなまえはなんですか and now I’m unsure if it is okay to use the おなまえは？ and it still be considered as a polite way of asking for a person’s name.
(I took beginning Japanese six years ago and remember very little.)
Anaさん、こんにちは。
The below phrases you posted are all Informal unless you use the tone indicating you are saying them as “incomplete” sentences.
Where at (どこで？)
At a hotel restaurant (ホテルのレストランで)
At what time (なんじに？)
At one o’clock (いちじに)
The phrase おなまえは？ is a Formal (polite) way to ask the question even though it’s missing なんですか because of the honorific prefix お attached to なまえ.
It’s actually more common to ask おなまえは？ than おなまえはなんですか in a complete sentence in daily life since being less direct (= incomplete sentences) can signify formality in the Japanese culture.
If you drop お and say just なまえは？, then it’s Informal speech. You can sound quite casual and blunt. Please avoid using it in any formal settings.
I hope this helps!
Hello Sensei,
So I came across this sentence somewhere “どこにおてあらいがありますか。” but I am not sure if it’s correct. I keep thinking it should be “どこで〜”instead of “どこに〜”. Can you tell me which one is correct or if both are correct?
Thanks,
Sid
Sidさん、こんにちは。
どこにおてあらいがありますか is correct. When you use the verb “exist” you have to mark the place with the particle に.
When you use an action verb in the sentence, meaning when you do something at the place, then you mark the place as a “place of action” with the particle で.
Hope this helps!
hello
is きのう どこに いきましたか。
the same as きのう どこへ 行きましたか。
Yes, they are the same. It’s just that に is more commonly used in conversation (spoken language ) than へ.
へ is preferred more in written language, so you’ll see it in essay, novels, poems, song lyrics, etc.
Hope this helps!
Hello Yuko-san Sensei,
My textbook has ‘doko de utte imasuka’ – ‘where is it sold?’
Is it correct to say ‘doko ni urimasuka’ to mean ‘where (for example, which country) do you sell them to?’?
Is it correct to say ‘doko de urimasuka’ to mean ‘where (from what location) do you sell them?’?
Thanks,
Martin
Martin-san,
Yes, both sentences are correct when they are used in the right context. Yoku dekimashita. (Well done!) ?